
MASTER60 Weekly 大師輕鬆讀
No.1015_Apr-02-25《大師輕鬆讀》自2002年發行迄今,已收錄超過650本暢銷商管好書精華書摘。旨在將原本厚達300頁以上的原著,濃縮整理成30頁,英文約7000字、中文約1萬字的重點摘要。讓忙碌的職場工作者能以最輕鬆、最有效的方式每周讀一本好書,獲取專家嚴選,最新、最實用的商管知識。
S 曲線視角下的商業生存戰略
▶▷ 有聲導讀 請點此 ▶▷▶ 很多未來學家靠直覺或想像預測未來,講述吸引人的故事,但不常依據數據。席奧多.莫迪斯不同,他的預測是用科學和數據撐起來的。 莫迪斯一生醉心於S 曲線,並從中得到兩個重要領悟: 1 許多現象都會經歷誕生、成長、成熟、衰退與死亡的生命週期 ──這些現象的共同之處在於變化發生的方式;例如,事物緩慢而穩定地邁向終結的方式,與它們誕生時的方式並無太大差異。 2 自然成長的週期不會中途停止,因而提供了可預測性 ──如果掌握了前半段,便能預測未來;若是面對後半段,則可以推斷過去。 在制定任何策略之前,首先要做的是確定你在曲線上的位置和所處的季節,試圖對抗既 定的自然成長過程是不明智的。 「商業中的四季隱喻結合了多樣性與可預測性。與普遍的看法相反,最理想的氣候並非出現在模里西斯或塞席爾等熱帶島嶼,而是擁有明顯且規律季節變化的溫帶氣候。這類環境孕育了大多數偉大的文明。歷史上極少有重要文化誕生於極地或熱帶地區,前者可能是因為生存條件過於嚴苛,後者則大多因為缺乏變化與動力。儘管熱帶島嶼風景如畫,卻往往難以孕育繁榮發展。」──席奧多.莫迪斯 原著作者簡介 席奧多.莫迪斯 Theodore Modis 未來學家暨商業顧問,擅長運用科學方法分析與預測社會與市場現象,特別以S 曲線(S-curve)模型聞名。曾於布魯克海文國家實驗室與歐洲核子研究組織(CERN)從事粒子物理研究,之後在迪吉多電腦公司(Digital Equipment Corporation)擔任管理科學顧問團隊主管逾10 年。曾於多所知名大學與商學院任教,致力於推動科學與管理的跨領域整合。有多本著作,涵蓋預測、技術演化與決策制定等主題。畢業於哥倫比亞大學,擁有電機工程碩士及高能物理博士學位。…
S 形曲線模式 The S-shaped Pattern
對於任何希望準確預測未來營收來源的企業或組織而言,消費性產品的預期生命週期及替代產品搶奪市占率的速度極其重要。 The projected life cycle of consumer products and the rate at which substitute products will gain market share is of vital interest to any company or organization which wants to definitively forecast future revenue streams. 有趣的是,自然生物系統所呈現的生命週期模式,同樣適用於商業市場和消費性產品。這種被稱為S 形曲線的模式,反映了產品生命週期的自然發展規律,並能幫助準確預測未來的市場需求與滲透率。 Interestingly, the same life cycle patterns which show up in natural, biological systems also holds true for business markets and consumer products as well. This pattern -- described as an S-shape pattern -- reflects the natural consequences of the life cycle products go through. It also allows future demand and market penetration levels to be forecast accurately. 2 S 形曲線看起來就像這樣: An S-shaped curve looks like this: 兩個有趣的觀點: Two interesting points: 4 1 時間跨度是一個重要的考量因素。若時間較短,新產品通常被視為革命性產品;反之,若時間較長,則產品往往被認為是漸進式演進。 1 The time frame is an important consideration. If the time frame is relatively short, the new product is considered…
根據發展階段構建企業 Structuring an Enterprise According to it's Season
商業活動──無論是產品、公司,還是整個產業──都會經歷與S 曲線對應的5 個週期。某個季節適用的管理決策,對於另一個季節來說可能完全不合時宜。因此,了解自己處於週期的哪個階段十分重要。 Business, in the form of products, companies and entire industries, goes through five cycles which align with the S-curve. Management decisions which are correct for one season might be entirely inappropriate for another season. Therefore, knowing where you are on the cycle is vital. 季節 1 冬季──市場滲透率達7% Season 1 Winter – Up to 7% market penetration 新產品通常誕生於冬季一片混沌當中,有些在萌芽階段就夭折,而那些具備強大生命力的則能存活下來。 New products are generally born in the chaos of winter. Some die in their infancy, while the hardy will survive. 14 典型的冬季經營決策包括: Typical winter management decisions are: ■ 裁減官僚體系,鼓勵創業精神。 ■ To fire bureaucrats and encourage entrepreneurism. ■ 聚焦核心競爭力,聘用具備跨領域技能的人才。 ■ To focus on core competencies and hire people with multi-disciplinary skills. ■ 採取短期策略,鎖定利基市場。 ■ To go after niche markets with short-term strategies. ■ 發展強大、去中心化的企業文化。 ■ To develop a strong, decentralized corporate…
從混沌中成長,從成長到混沌 Growth from Chaos and Chaos from Growth
企業經常遭遇重大失敗與挫敗。然而,這些事件本身往往能夠催生混亂卻充滿機遇的環境,讓未來的新興市場與機會得以迅速且顯著地浮現。 Businesses are frequently beset by spectacular failures and fiascoes. Yet these very same events can, in fact, create fertile yet chaotic conditions from which future emerging markets and opportunities can emerge rapidly and impressively. 32 混亂本質上來自於產業和企業所經歷的週期性冬季。在冬季階段,企業會透過大量的試錯來尋找新的成長機會,這給人一種高度混亂的錯覺,而非有序過渡。 Chaos naturally derives from industries and companies being in periodic winter cycles. During winter, numerous trial-and error searches for new growth opportunities are undertaken. This gives an illusion of heightened chaos rather than orderly transition. 全球經濟也是同樣的道理。在1930 年代,經濟進入冬季,催生出一系列創新技術,包括電視(1936 年)、彩色底片(1935 年)、合成橡膠(1932 年)、直升機(1936 年)、火箭(1935 年)、螢光燈(1934 年)以及原子筆(1938年)。這些新產品帶動新興產業的發展,進而促成經濟復甦,邁向夏季階段。 The same holds true for the world economy as a whole. During the 1930s, a winter season occurred, bringing to the surface an array of new innovations including television (1936),color film (1935), synthetic rubber (1932),helicopters (1936), rockets (1935), fluorescent lighting (1934) and ball-point pens (1938).These new products generated new industries…
俯視全局 The Big Picture
成功的商業策略就像下好一盤棋,需要平衡兩個因素: Successful business strategy, like a good game of chess, requires that you balance two factors: (1) 密切關注當前發生的一切。 (1) Close attention to everything that is currently happening. (2) 以長遠視角洞察產業發展趨勢。 (2) A long-term perspective of where the industry is headed. 忽視其中任何一個因素,後果自負。 Ignore either one of these factors at your own risk. 先前我們僅針對單一產品討論過S 形曲線,但它同樣適用於其他領域與生命週期。例如: The S-shaped curve, previously discussed for single products only, also shows up in other applications and other life cycles. For example: 48 ■ 產品的S 曲線生命週期通常為6 個季度。 ■ A product S-curve may typically have a life cycle of 6 quarters. ■ 產品家族的S 曲線,涵蓋一系列相關產品,生命週期通常約為5 年。 ■ A product family S-curve, consisting of a set of related products, will typically have a life cycle of around 5 years. 50 ■ 基礎技術或產業的S 曲線,涵蓋多個產品家族及相關企業,生命週期通常約為15 年。 ■ Basic technologies or industry S-curves, consisting of…
本能 vs. 理性Instinct Vs. Rationale
憑直覺做商業決策最成功的時機是企業處於夏季時期,也就是說,當直覺已累積了冬季與春季的經驗基礎,才能發揮作用。 Making business decisions by instinct is most successful when the business is in a summer season - that is, when instinct has the knowledge gained through winter and spring seasons to build on. 60 在冬季時期,最大優勢來自經過理性推演的決策。 In a winter season, the greatest advantages come from decisions which are rationally derived. 現今的商學院比以往更強調直覺和本能在決策中的作用。唯一的問題是,當前全球經濟正處於S 曲線的冬季階段。在此時期,新興成長方向尚未確立,直覺也缺乏可依循的經驗基礎,因此,理性決策往往更為有效。 Business schools today stress the role of instinct and intuition in decision making more than they ever have previously. The only problem is that the world economy is currently in the winter phase of the S-curve. During the winter period, new directions of growth have not become established and there is no accumulated experience base from which instinct can act. Therefore, rational decision making processes tend to be much more effective. 62 令人印象深刻的直覺型商業決策通常出現在企業或產業蓬勃發展的時期。此時,做決策幾乎沒有壓力──事實上,許多選擇甚至是顯而易見的。然而,當市場趨於飽和、競爭者紛紛出現,企業從追求獲利轉為求生存時,就須在不確定性與壓力之下做出決策。 Impressive instinctive business performances generally…